We have all probably turned on an LED with the classical 5V + 330 (or so) Ohm resistor combination. Failing to limit the current would result in a burnt LED. Besides resistors, one may also use LED drivers to control their brightness and limit the current going through them. The LED1642GW by ST is one of such LED drivers. It sinks current, has 16 channels and can be controlled by an external MCU through a serial link....
Implementing your own bare metal USB stack may provide certain benefits like little to no dependencies, smaller code size, better understanding of internals and suffering. This article documents the process I went through to manually set up and get the USB core of an STM32F401CCU6 to do what I wanted. My goal was to successfully return a device descriptor. Once I got that working I had a greater appreciation for TinyUSB and went with it, however this was still a painful great learning experience....
In an RF context, a mixer is a device which “mixes” two frequencies, producing the sum and difference of said frequencies at its output. In the time domain it works as a multiplier, multiplying both input signals. There are several circuits capable of behaving as mixers, this article will cover the design and behavior of a mixer using a Gilbert Cell encapsulated in a MC1496 IC. This post assumes previous knowledge of the MC1496 and its applications....
The MC1496 is a Balanced Modulator/Demodulator, capable of producing amplitude modulated signals. Its internal structure resembles a Gilbert Cell biased by two current sources (one for each leg of the circuit), both of them being biased by a single diode with a 500 Ohm resistor. MC1496 - Internal Schematic The internal schematic was gathered from Application AN531 from onsemi which is a great resource for in-depth explanations on proper usage of the IC....